We select a representative subset consisting of 22 datasets and propose it as the MESS benchmark.

Categorical encoders transform categorical features into numerical representations that are indispensable for a wide range of machine learning models. Existing encoder benchmark studies lack generalizability because of their limited choice of 1. encoders, 2. experimental factors, and 3. datasets. Additionally, inconsistencies arise from the adoption of varying aggregation strategies. This paper is the most comprehensive benchmark of categorical encoders to date, including an extensive evaluation of 32 configurations of encoders from diverse families, with 48 combinations of experimental factors, and on 50 datasets. The study shows the profound influence of dataset selection, experimental factors, and aggregation strategies on the benchmark's conclusions -- aspects disregarded in previous encoder benchmarks.

Imitation learning uses data for training policies to solve complex tasks.

The data is collected in Peking University and uses the same data format as SemanticKITTI. To ensure all tasks are well-defined, we formalize consistent and compatible semantic class vocabulary across the above datasets, ensuring there is a one-to-one mapping between all semantic classes. As for ASFDA and ADA settings, we have an additional warm-up stage, i.e., the network is Both source and target data have a batch size of 16. Both training loss and validation loss consistently decrease over time, indicating effective model training. We report mIoU results across existing AL approaches in Table A3.

If the required memory to train a model exceeds this limit, the device will be excluded from the training.

We compare the algorithms on a wide range of large, convolutional and transformer-based neural network architectures.

Inference in the introduced linear Gaussian SSM is straightforward and can be performed using Kalman prediction and observation updates.